God's absolute dominion over creation spans every dimension of space, extending from the most concealed subterranean depths to the most towering mountain peaks. Having already established His rule over the heavenly hosts, it is clear that the lowest foundations of the earth and its highest elevations are equally subject to His authority [אבן עזרא, רד״ק]. The primary approach among commentators is to view the earth's deepest regions as its physical foundations. Yet, these depths also represent the hidden, mysterious elements of the world that require deep thought and investigation to truly understand [מצודת דוד, מצודת ציון]. Similarly, the towering peaks reach upward into the sky, evoking the soaring height of birds in flight. Some perspectives frame these high mountains as symbols of raw strength or towering horns [אבן עזרא], while others see them as expressions of brilliance and revelation, glowing as they rise above the landscape [מאירי].
Beneath this physical description lies a profound philosophical statement regarding nature and divine providence. While other nations might recognize God only through the broad, fixed laws of the universe, it is evident that even geological changes occurring after the initial creation—such as mountains formed by earthquakes or sinking landmasses—do not happen by the earth's independent choice. They rest entirely in His hands, operating according to the laws He embedded within them, completely independent of human action [מלבי״ם].
Furthermore, the very existence of dry land and rising mountains is a miracle that defies the standard laws of nature. Philosophers who argue that the universe has existed eternally are often puzzled as to why the heavy earth is not entirely submerged under water, as the strict rules of physics would dictate. They are forced to rely on complex theories to explain this anomaly. In contrast, the person of faith understands that the emergence of dry land and mountains occurred solely through the will of God. He actively altered the natural order, gathering the waters together to reveal the earth below [מאירי].
This recognition of God's control over physical space carries a deep historical and moral lesson regarding the Israelites. When they succumbed to fear of the Amalekites and Amorites who inhabited the mountainous regions, their sin stemmed from a failure to internalize this very truth. Because God governs every hidden corner of the earth and every soaring peak, there was no reason to fear the nations living in the highlands. The mountains themselves belong to God, and the power to grant them to the Israelites rests entirely with Him [אלשיך].