שמואל א, פרק י״ג, פסוק ב׳

Establishing a standing army marks a clear transition from scattered tribes to an organized kingdom. Once the monarchy was renewed and firmly established, it finally became possible to maintain a permanent military force ready for action at any time. This historic step occurred while Saul and the nation were gathered in Gilgal, celebrating the renewal of the monarchy [רד״ק, אברבנאל].

From the gathered crowd, Saul selected three thousand men. This initial group was designed to serve as the foundation of a permanent standing army, a reality that was impossible to achieve before the existence of a central government [ביאור שטיינזלץ]. These soldiers were specifically chosen to remain by Saul's side, constantly prepared to serve him during times of war and national need [מצודת דוד, אברבנאל]. However, choosing to rely on such a limited military force highlights Saul's deep modesty, humility, and immense trust in God [חומת אנך].

Saul then divided this elite military force into two primary divisions [אברבנאל]. He kept two-thirds of the army, two thousand men, under his direct command, positioning them in the region of Michmash and the mountain of Beit-El [מצודת דוד]. The remaining thousand soldiers were placed under the leadership of his firstborn son, Jonathan, who stationed them in the city of Givat Binyamin, also known as Givat Shaul [ביאור שטיינזלץ].

As for the remainder of the public who were not selected for this permanent army [מצודת ציון], Saul sent them back to their homes. These citizens effectively became a civilian reserve force, living their daily lives but ready to be called to the front lines during times of national emergency [ביאור שטיינזלץ].