הושע, פרק ב׳, פסוק כ״א

The relationship between God and the Israelites is envisioned as an eternal, unbreakable marriage. The act of betrothal symbolizes a profound renewal of this covenant. Unlike historical bonds that eventually frayed, this future redemption promises a connection that will last forever. The initial redemption from Egypt was ultimately disrupted by sin and subsequent exile, and the later return from Babylon was marred by moral failings that compromised justice. In contrast, the ultimate redemption will be completely eternal and free of sin [מלבי״ם, רד״ק]. This everlasting bond also hints at the unique privilege of the Israelites to inherit the eternal life of the World to Come [אברבנאל]. Furthermore, the sacred nature of this divine betrothal serves as the spiritual foundation for the traditional blessings recited under the wedding canopy [אהבת יהונתן].

This lasting covenant is built upon four defining qualities: righteousness, justice, kindness, and mercy. The primary approach among commentators is to view these traits as a mutual exchange between the people and God. Righteousness and justice represent the moral standards demanded of the Israelites. In response, kindness and mercy are the generous rewards bestowed by God. The relationship functions much like a marriage agreement. The Israelites bring a dowry of social equity and moral integrity, while the Groom, God, provides gifts of profound kindness and mercy [מלבי״ם]. This partnership is essential because human acts of righteousness alone can never fully earn the vast abundance of divine blessing; therefore, God supplements human effort with His own kindness [מצודת דוד]. It is a delicate balance. When the people abandon their commitment to righteousness and justice, God withdraws His kindness and mercy. Yet, the moment they return to a path of justice, He crowns them once again with His mercy [רש״י].

A different perspective suggests that all four qualities refer entirely to the interpersonal commandments the Israelites are expected to fulfill. In this view, righteousness and justice represent strict legal obligations, whereas kindness and mercy embody actions that go beyond the letter of the law, driven by genuine compassion and love for others [אברבנאל]. Conversely, some scholars reject the need to divide these traits between human effort and divine reward. They suggest that all four attributes simply describe the manner in which God Himself establishes the covenant with His people [אבן עזרא], or that the betrothal is realized purely in the merit of these noble qualities existing in the world [צאינה וראינה].