יחזקאל, פרק מ״ג, פסוק י״ד

The architecture of the future altar features a distinct, tiered design that rises from the ground in stages. This stepped formation creates natural ledges and walkways that serve the priests during their holy work.

The primary approach among commentators is that the structural descriptions refer directly to the physical levels of the altar itself [רש״י, מצודות, מלבי״ם, ביאור שטיינזלץ]. The structure begins with a foundation that is sunken deeply into the earth. From this grounded base, the altar rises to its first square tier, reaching a height of two cubits. Notably, this foundation is taller than the one built for the Second Temple, which stood at only a single cubit [רש״י]. As the second tier is placed atop the first, the structure narrows, creating a protruding ledge that is one cubit wide. This lower ledge serves as the architectural foundation, functioning as a perfectly smooth floor crafted from stones, pitch, and lime [רש״י, ביאור שטיינזלץ].

The construction then continues upward to a taller tier. The lower section is considered small because of its two-cubit height, while the section resting above it is considered large because it doubles in size, rising four cubits [רש״י, מצודת דוד]. Atop this larger section, the structure steps inward once more to form another one-cubit ledge. This upper ledge provides the surrounding walkway where the priests stand and move while performing their duties [מצודת דוד, ביאור שטיינזלץ].

In contrast to viewing these terms as the physical tiers of the altar, an alternative perspective suggests they describe the broader courtyards and standing areas surrounding it [רד״ק, אברבנאל]. According to this view, the upper area represents the space between the altar and the Temple hall, while the lower area represents the space stretching out to the east. The altar itself sits precisely in the middle, resting on a flat, central expanse of ground. The measurements therefore detail the distances between these various courtyards, as well as the dimensions of the altar's base and height. In this context, the altar is known by the names Harel or Ariel, symbolizing the holy fire that rests upon it, crouching like a powerful lion [רד״ק].