ויקרא, פרק י״א, פסוק י״ז

The list of forbidden birds continues with three distinct species primarily characterized by their nocturnal habits or their proximity to bodies of water. Their identities are not arbitrary; rather, they offer profound insights into their habitats, physical traits, and even moral lessons for humanity.

The primary approach among commentators regarding the first bird is that it is defined by its elusive nature, remaining hidden from human sight as it dwells in desolate deserts and ruins [אבן עזרא, פענח רזא, קיצור בעל הטורים, חזקוני, תולדות יצחק, הופמן]. Others view it as a nocturnal creature known for piercing cries in the dark [רש״י, נתינה לגר, אדרת אליהו]. Physically, it is unique in that its face and jaws resemble those of a human, with eyes positioned at the front of its head rather than on the sides [רש״י, אדרת אליהו]. Because another bird shares a nearly identical appearance, the prohibition naturally includes both without needing additional clarification [משכיל לדוד]. Alternatively, this creature is identified as a falcon [רלב״ג, תולדות יצחק], or perhaps a water bird equipped with a pouch beneath its beak for storing water and fish [שד״ל]. On a moral level, this bird serves as an allegory, warning people against being drawn to the cup of wine, an indulgence that can ultimately lead to bloodshed [שפתי כהן].

The second bird presents a dual nature depending on how its behavior is understood. The most common view is that it is a coastal hunter, recognized for its ability to plunge into the water and draw out fish from the sea [רש״י, מזרחי, תורה תמימה, רלב״ג, אדרת אליהו, קיצור בעל הטורים, הופמן, שטיינזלץ]. Conversely, another perspective describes it as a cruel creature that casts away its chicks, refusing to raise them [אבן עזרא, תולדות יצחק, חזקוני]. This harsh behavior translates into a spiritual warning, symbolizing a person who casts away the service of God, choosing instead to channel all their energy into satisfying physical desires [שפתי כהן].

The third bird is deeply connected to the darkness of the evening hours. Commentators agree that it is strictly nocturnal, taking flight only in the dark because it cannot bear the intense light of the daytime sun [רלב״ג, תולדות יצחק, פענח רזא, אבן עזרא, קיצור בעל הטורים, חזקוני, שטיינזלץ]. Often identified as a type of owl, it shares a striking physical similarity with the first bird, possessing forward-facing eyes that give it a distinctly human-like appearance [פרדס יוסף, אדרת אליהו, הופמן].