שופטים, פרק י״א, פסוק ד׳

The threat of an external enemy often serves as a critical turning point, forcing a nation's leadership to seek salvation from the most unexpected places. A significant period passes before the conflict erupts, though perspectives differ on what this timeframe represents. One viewpoint suggests this refers to the long duration that elapsed from the moment Jephthah was driven away from his family home until the actual outbreak of hostilities [מצודת דוד]. Conversely, another perspective centers on the condition of the nation, explaining that Israel suffered under a prolonged era of oppression that eventually escalated into a full-scale war [מלבי״ם].

When the Ammonites finally launch their attack, it is not a sudden or entirely new military campaign. Rather, it is recognized as a direct continuation and renewal of a previously established conflict. This outbreak of active warfare serves as the catalyst for a rapid chain of events. Desperate in the face of the Ammonite threat, the elders of Gilead are forced to approach Jephthah, asking him to return and serve as their military commander.

Jephthah confronts the elders with their past hostility, pointing out that they hated and expelled him from his father's house, only to seek him out now in their moment of profound distress. Following their urgent pleas, Jephthah insists on a clear guarantee. He demands that if he successfully defeats the Ammonites, he must be officially appointed as their leader. The elders accept these terms, confirming their agreement with an oath and calling upon God to serve as the witness between them [צאינה וראינה].