דניאל, פרק י״א, פסוק ל״ו

A figure of immense power steps onto the stage of history, acting with absolute tyranny and challenging both human and divine authority. Yet, despite his overwhelming dominance, his success is strictly measured and limited by a higher, divine plan. Commentators offer different perspectives on the identity of this unopposed ruler. Some identify him broadly with the Roman Empire [רש״י], while others point specifically to the figure of Titus [מצודת דוד]. Another approach views him as Constantine, a leader who imposed a new religion across many lands and abandoned the beliefs of the past [אבן עזרא, יוסף אבן יחיא]. Additional views suggest he is the King of the North [ביאור שטיינזלץ] or the fierce king mentioned in earlier prophetic visions [מלבי״ם].

This ruler elevates himself above all forms of power and authority. By interpreting the concept of power as earthly might, some commentators explain that he places himself above every flesh-and-blood leader and worldly force [מצודת דוד, מצודת ציון, יוסף אבן יחיא]. Others understand his arrogance in a religious context, suggesting he exalts himself over other deities and views himself as the supreme god [ביאור שטיינזלץ], or that he completely abolishes the systems of idolatry that existed before him [מלבי״ם].

The height of his arrogance is directed at God, the ultimate ruler over all powers. He speaks unprecedented words against Him, which are understood as extreme expressions of blasphemy, cursing, and hidden arrogance the likes of which have never been heard [מצודת דוד, מצודת ציון, ביאור שטיינזלץ]. Conversely, those who identify the ruler as Constantine explain these words differently. They suggest he introduces new, illogical principles of faith, such as assigning a physical form to God or promoting a trinity, and roots them in society by presenting them as miraculous wonders [מלבי״ם, יוסף אבן יחיא].

Despite his terrible actions, the ruler enjoys guaranteed success, but it is strictly temporary. His dominance will last only as long as God's anger remains upon the people of Israel. Once their sins are cleansed and the divine anger subsides, the ruler's success will abruptly end [רש״י, מצודת דוד, מלבי״ם], marking a turning point toward ultimate redemption [אבן עזרא]. This period of suffering is the result of a severe decree of destruction that God has already set into motion. The harsh judgment against Israel must be fully executed and completed, and only when this massive destruction runs its course will the divine anger finally come to an end [רש״י, מצודת דוד, מלבי״ם, ביאור שטיינזלץ].